Переведите текст с английского на русский
U.S. Corporation
Corporations have the need to raise capital for a number of reasons. Smaller firms need capital to start up operations. Larger firms need capital to expand operations and to finance inventory. There are various ways in which a firm can raise capital through the financial system and numerous individuals and entities that can assist a corporation in this crucial venture. Start-up firms and small businesses petition investors for what is known as venture capital. Venture capital comes from wealthy investors, usually a group, who see the potential for growth in smaller businesses. In the early 1990’s the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) expanded its role to assist small businesses. The SEC made it easier for small businesses to raise capital through public stock offerings.
Corporations also raise money to finance debt. Businesses sell bonds to investors in order to raise money for working capital and capital expenditures. The corporation agrees to pay back the principal plus interest, therefore making the investors creditors. Bond holders are able to sell bonds to others before they are due. Selling bonds are beneficial to corporations because, in addition to raising capital, bonds also have much lower interest rates that are tax deductible. The down side is that corporations must make interest payments regardless of whether they turn a profit. This often is not an option for smaller businesses. Larger corporations that exist as public companies can also sell bonds in order to raise capital. Public companies can issue preferred stock along with common stock. Preferred stock is a higher-ranking stock than common stock and preferred stock holders have a greater claim to a company’s assets and earnings. Holders of preferred stock may also have dividends paid before holders of common stock and these dividends are paid at regular intervals, whereas common stock dividends are only paid out when a board of director’s decides to make a payout. Preferred stock often has no voting rights, however, as opposed to common stock. Preferred stock is usually offered to investors, where as common stock is usually offered to employees. Another means of raising both short and long-term capital is through international markets.
According to authors Stanley Block and Geoffrey Hirt (2005), “When the markets are good, money is cheap and easy to find, and when the markets are bad, money is hard to find and relatively expensive. The world economic markets often move back and forth between the two extremes”. Short-term markets, or money markets, consist of securities that will mature in a year or less. Money markets provide short-term funding for the global financing system. Treasury bills and commercial paper are bought and sold in money markets. Corporations may also use
more traditional methods for raising capital by borrowing from banks and other established lenders. Businesses that require financing for inventory often borrow from banks. Firms can use retained earning, or profits, to raise capital. Depending on the size of the corporation some orall of a company’s profits may be held back for further investment before issuing dividends. Corporations often look to investment bankers to handle many of these functions.
Investment bankers typically have a solid background in finance and economics and are specialists in financial analysis. These bankers act as intermediaries, or middle men, between corporations looking to raise capital and investors. Investment bankers oversee the issuing of bonds, manage selling a company’s stock and advise corporations on acquiring and merging withother companies.
Переведите текст с английского на русский
U.S. Corporation
Corporations have the need to raise capital for a number of reasons. Smaller firms need capital to start up operations. Larger firms need capital to expand operations and to finance inventory. There are various ways in which a firm can raise capital through the financial system and numerous individuals and entities that can assist a corporation in this crucial venture. Start-up firms and small businesses petition investors for what is known as venture capital. Venture capital comes from wealthy investors, usually a group, who see the potential for growth in smaller businesses. In the early 1990’s the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) expanded its role to assist small businesses. The SEC made it easier for small businesses to raise capital through public stock offerings.
Corporations also raise money to finance debt. Businesses sell bonds to investors in order to raise money for working capital and capital expenditures. The corporation agrees to pay back the principal plus interest, therefore making the investors creditors. Bond holders are able to sell bonds to others before they are due. Selling bonds are beneficial to corporations because, in addition to raising capital, bonds also have much lower interest rates that are tax deductible. The down side is that corporations must make interest payments regardless of whether they turn a profit. This often is not an option for smaller businesses. Larger corporations that exist as public companies can also sell bonds in order to raise capital. Public companies can issue preferred stock along with common stock. Preferred stock is a higher-ranking stock than common stock and preferred stock holders have a greater claim to a company’s assets and earnings. Holders of preferred stock may also have dividends paid before holders of common stock and these dividends are paid at regular intervals, whereas common stock dividends are only paid out when a board of director’s decides to make a payout. Preferred stock often has no voting rights, however, as opposed to common stock. Preferred stock is usually offered to investors, where as common stock is usually offered to employees. Another means of raising both short and long-term capital is through international markets.
According to authors Stanley Block and Geoffrey Hirt (2005), “When the markets are good, money is cheap and easy to find, and when the markets are bad, money is hard to find and relatively expensive. The world economic markets often move back and forth between the two extremes”. Short-term markets, or money markets, consist of securities that will mature in a year or less. Money markets provide short-term funding for the global financing system. Treasury bills and commercial paper are bought and sold in money markets. Corporations may also use
more traditional methods for raising capital by borrowing from banks and other established lenders. Businesses that require financing for inventory often borrow from banks. Firms can use retained earning, or profits, to raise capital. Depending on the size of the corporation some orall of a company’s profits may be held back for further investment before issuing dividends. Corporations often look to investment bankers to handle many of these functions.
Investment bankers typically have a solid background in finance and economics and are specialists in financial analysis. These bankers act as intermediaries, or middle men, between corporations looking to raise capital and investors. Investment bankers oversee the issuing of bonds, manage selling a company’s stock and advise corporations on acquiring and merging withother companies.
U.S. Corporation
Corporations have the need to raise capital for a number of reasons. Smaller firms need capital to start up operations. Larger firms need capital to expand operations and to finance inventory. There are various ways in which a firm can raise capital through the financial system and numerous individuals and entities that can assist a corporation in this crucial venture. Start-up firms and small businesses petition investors for what is known as venture capital. Venture capital comes from wealthy investors, usually a group, who see the potential for growth in smaller businesses. In the early 1990’s the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) expanded its role to assist small businesses. The SEC made it easier for small businesses to raise capital through public stock offerings.
Corporations also raise money to finance debt. Businesses sell bonds to investors in order to raise money for working capital and capital expenditures. The corporation agrees to pay back the principal plus interest, therefore making the investors creditors. Bond holders are able to sell bonds to others before they are due. Selling bonds are beneficial to corporations because, in addition to raising capital, bonds also have much lower interest rates that are tax deductible. The down side is that corporations must make interest payments regardless of whether they turn a profit. This often is not an option for smaller businesses. Larger corporations that exist as public companies can also sell bonds in order to raise capital. Public companies can issue preferred stock along with common stock. Preferred stock is a higher-ranking stock than common stock and preferred stock holders have a greater claim to a company’s assets and earnings. Holders of preferred stock may also have dividends paid before holders of common stock and these dividends are paid at regular intervals, whereas common stock dividends are only paid out when a board of director’s decides to make a payout. Preferred stock often has no voting rights, however, as opposed to common stock. Preferred stock is usually offered to investors, where as common stock is usually offered to employees. Another means of raising both short and long-term capital is through international markets.
According to authors Stanley Block and Geoffrey Hirt (2005), “When the markets are good, money is cheap and easy to find, and when the markets are bad, money is hard to find and relatively expensive. The world economic markets often move back and forth between the two extremes”. Short-term markets, or money markets, consist of securities that will mature in a year or less. Money markets provide short-term funding for the global financing system. Treasury bills and commercial paper are bought and sold in money markets. Corporations may also use
more traditional methods for raising capital by borrowing from banks and other established lenders. Businesses that require financing for inventory often borrow from banks. Firms can use retained earning, or profits, to raise capital. Depending on the size of the corporation some orall of a company’s profits may be held back for further investment before issuing dividends. Corporations often look to investment bankers to handle many of these functions.
Investment bankers typically have a solid background in finance and economics and are specialists in financial analysis. These bankers act as intermediaries, or middle men, between corporations looking to raise capital and investors. Investment bankers oversee the issuing of bonds, manage selling a company’s stock and advise corporations on acquiring and merging withother companies.
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Корпорация США
Компании имеют необходимость привлекать капитал по нескольким причинам. Мелким фирмам нужен капитал для запуска операций. Крупным фирмам нужен капитал для расширения операций и финансирования запасов. Существует несколько способов, с помощью которых фирма может привлечь капитал через финансовую систему, и множество людей и организаций, которые могут помочь корпорации в этом важном начинании. Начинающие фирмы и маленькие бизнесы обращаются к инвесторам за так называемыми венчурными капиталами. Венчурный капитал поступает от богатых инвесторов, обычно группы, которые видят потенциал роста в малых бизнесах. В начале 1990-х годов Комиссия по ценным бумагам и биржам (SEC) расширила свою роль для оказания поддержки малым предприятиям. SEC сделала проще для малых бизнесов привлекать капитал через открытие акций на бирже.
Корпорации также привлекают деньги для финансирования долгов. Бизнесы продают облигации инвесторам для привлечения средств для оборотных средств и капитальных затрат. Корпорация соглашается вернуть основную сумму плюс проценты, тем самым делая инвесторов кредиторами. Обладателям облигаций доступно продавать их другим до их срока. Продажа облигаций выгодна для корпораций, потому что, помимо привлечения капитала, у облигаций также гораздо более низкие процентные ставки, которые являются налогоплательщиками. Недостатком является то, что корпорации должны выплачивать проценты независимо от того, получают ли они прибыль. Это часто не является вариантом для малых бизнесов. Крупные корпорации, существующие как публичные компании, также могут продавать облигации для привлечения средств. Публичные компании могут выпускать привилегированные акции вместе с обычными акциями. Привилегированные акции являются более высоко-рейтинговыми акциями, чем обычные акции, и обладатели привилегированных акций имеют больше прав на активы и доходы компании. Обладателям привилегированных акций могут также выплачиваться дивиденды до обладателей обычных акций, и эти дивиденды выплачиваются сроками, в то время как дивиденды по обычным акциям выплачиваются только тогда, когда совет директоров принимает решение о выплате. У привилегированных акций обычно нет права голоса, тогда как у обычных акций это есть. Привилегированные акции обычно предлагаются инвесторам, в то время как обычные акции обычно предлагаются сотрудникам. Ещё один способ привлечения как краткосрочного, так и долгосрочного капитала - через международные рынки.
Согласно авторам Стэнли Блока и Джеффри Хирта (2005 год), "Когда рынок хорош, деньги дешевы и легкие в нахождении, и когда рынок плох, деньги сложнее найти и относительно дорогие. Мировые экономические рынки часто перемещаются между этими двумя крайностями". Краткосрочные рынки, или рынки денег, включают в себя ценные бумаги, которые созреют за год или менее. Рынки денег предоставляют краткосрочное финансирование для глобальной финансовой системы. Страховые билеты и коммерческие бумаги продаются и покупаются на рынках денег. Корпорации также могут использовать более традиционные методы привлечения капитала, занимая у банков и других установленных кредиторов. Бизнесы, которым требуется финансирование для запасов, часто занимают у банков. Фирмы могут использовать удержанные прибыли, или доходы, для привлечения капитала. В зависимости от размера корпорации часть или весь доход компании может быть отложен для дальнейших инвестиций перед начислением дивидендов. Корпорации часто обращаются к инвестиционным банкирам, чтобы решить многие из этих функций. Инвестиционные банкиры обычно имеют качественное образование в области финансов и экономики и являются специалистами в финансовом анализе. Эти банкиры действуют как посредники, или посредники, между корпорациями, стремящимися привлечь капитал, и инвесторами. Инвестиционные банкиры осуществляют выпуск облигаций, управляют продажей акций компании и консультируют корпорации по приобретению и слиянию с другими компаниями.