Очень нужна помощь в ответе 1. International trade is performed in several forms. The most important form is direct commercial import-export operations with deliveries paid in hard currency. Still, 25-30% of international trade accounts for barter and countertrade, with deliveries paid by goods. Such payment is usually initiated by the importer which does not have hard currency to pay for the goods.
Barter is a trade in which merchandise is exchanged directly for other goods without the use of money. It is a characteristic of quite primitive economies.
2. Countertrade transactions are more complex and difficult to arrange. They began in the 1950s and are mainly carried out with developing countries and in Eastern Europe. Their currencies are not freely convertible and they do not possess enough hard currency to make the essential purchases necessary for economic development. The transaction may include the exchange of some currency as well as goods. For example, the contract may stipulate that the seller be paid in hard currency provided that the seller agrees to find markets for specified products (often cash crops) from the buyer's country.
3. Usually only large corporations can set up such deals but they are one way of doing business with countries that have high foreign trade deficits, a large debt problem and small reserves of foreign currencies.
4. Another form of countertrade is the buyback arrangement. One party supplies the technology or equipment that allows the other to produce goods. The sale of these goods provides the money to repay the supplier.
Goods can be sold to a foreign consumer as a result of direct transactions with the exporter and through middle-men that are dealers, distributors, commissioners, consignors, agents. A great part of sales of mass raw materials and products is done at international commodity exchanges.
2. Ответьте письменно на вопросы после текста.
1) What is the most important form of international trade?
2) Where are the countertrade transactions carried out?
3) What may the transaction include?
3. Какие предложения являются верными?
1) International trade is performed in several forms.
2) Countertrade transactions are easy to arrange.
3) Another form of countertrade is the buyback arrangement.
4) Goods can be sold to a local consumer.
4. Дополните предложения.
1) The most important form of international trade is direct commercial import-export __________.
2) Barter is a trade in which __________ is exchanged directly for other goods without the use of money.
3) Countertrade ___________ began in the 1950s and are mainly carried out with developing countries and in Eastern Europe.
4) Goods can be sold to a foreign consumer as a result of direct transactions with the ___________.
Очень нужна помощь в ответе 1. International trade is performed in several forms. The most important form is direct commercial import-export operations with deliveries paid in hard currency. Still, 25-30% of international trade accounts for barter and countertrade, with deliveries paid by goods. Such payment is usually initiated by the importer which does not have hard currency to pay for the goods.
Barter is a trade in which merchandise is exchanged directly for other goods without the use of money. It is a characteristic of quite primitive economies.
2. Countertrade transactions are more complex and difficult to arrange. They began in the 1950s and are mainly carried out with developing countries and in Eastern Europe. Their currencies are not freely convertible and they do not possess enough hard currency to make the essential purchases necessary for economic development. The transaction may include the exchange of some currency as well as goods. For example, the contract may stipulate that the seller be paid in hard currency provided that the seller agrees to find markets for specified products (often cash crops) from the buyer's country.
3. Usually only large corporations can set up such deals but they are one way of doing business with countries that have high foreign trade deficits, a large debt problem and small reserves of foreign currencies.
4. Another form of countertrade is the buyback arrangement. One party supplies the technology or equipment that allows the other to produce goods. The sale of these goods provides the money to repay the supplier.
Goods can be sold to a foreign consumer as a result of direct transactions with the exporter and through middle-men that are dealers, distributors, commissioners, consignors, agents. A great part of sales of mass raw materials and products is done at international commodity exchanges.
2. Ответьте письменно на вопросы после текста.
1) What is the most important form of international trade?
2) Where are the countertrade transactions carried out?
3) What may the transaction include?
3. Какие предложения являются верными?
1) International trade is performed in several forms.
2) Countertrade transactions are easy to arrange.
3) Another form of countertrade is the buyback arrangement.
4) Goods can be sold to a local consumer.
4. Дополните предложения.
1) The most important form of international trade is direct commercial import-export __________.
2) Barter is a trade in which __________ is exchanged directly for other goods without the use of money.
3) Countertrade ___________ began in the 1950s and are mainly carried out with developing countries and in Eastern Europe.
4) Goods can be sold to a foreign consumer as a result of direct transactions with the ___________.
Barter is a trade in which merchandise is exchanged directly for other goods without the use of money. It is a characteristic of quite primitive economies.
2. Countertrade transactions are more complex and difficult to arrange. They began in the 1950s and are mainly carried out with developing countries and in Eastern Europe. Their currencies are not freely convertible and they do not possess enough hard currency to make the essential purchases necessary for economic development. The transaction may include the exchange of some currency as well as goods. For example, the contract may stipulate that the seller be paid in hard currency provided that the seller agrees to find markets for specified products (often cash crops) from the buyer's country.
3. Usually only large corporations can set up such deals but they are one way of doing business with countries that have high foreign trade deficits, a large debt problem and small reserves of foreign currencies.
4. Another form of countertrade is the buyback arrangement. One party supplies the technology or equipment that allows the other to produce goods. The sale of these goods provides the money to repay the supplier.
Goods can be sold to a foreign consumer as a result of direct transactions with the exporter and through middle-men that are dealers, distributors, commissioners, consignors, agents. A great part of sales of mass raw materials and products is done at international commodity exchanges.
2. Ответьте письменно на вопросы после текста.
1) What is the most important form of international trade?
2) Where are the countertrade transactions carried out?
3) What may the transaction include?
3. Какие предложения являются верными?
1) International trade is performed in several forms.
2) Countertrade transactions are easy to arrange.
3) Another form of countertrade is the buyback arrangement.
4) Goods can be sold to a local consumer.
4. Дополните предложения.
1) The most important form of international trade is direct commercial import-export __________.
2) Barter is a trade in which __________ is exchanged directly for other goods without the use of money.
3) Countertrade ___________ began in the 1950s and are mainly carried out with developing countries and in Eastern Europe.
4) Goods can be sold to a foreign consumer as a result of direct transactions with the ___________.
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Дополните предложения.
1) The most important form of international trade is direct commercial import-export operations with deliveries paid in hard currency.
2) Barter is a trade in which merchandise is exchanged directly for other goods without the use of money.
3) Countertrade transactions began in the 1950s and are mainly carried out with developing countries and in Eastern Europe.
4) Goods can be sold to a foreign consumer as a result of direct transactions with the exporter.