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EARLY INDIAN LITERATURE
Indian literature begins with the orally transmitted myths, legends, tales, and lyrics
(always songs) of American Indian cultures. There was no written literature among the more
than 500 different Indian languages and tribal cultures that existed in North America before
the first Europeans arrived.
Tribes maintained their own religions — worshipping gods, animals, plants, or sacred
persons. These tribal variations enter into the oral literature as well.
Still, it is possible to make a few generalizations. Indian stories, for example, glow
with reverence for nature as a spiritual as well as physical mother. Nature is alive and
endowed with spiritual forces; main characters may be animals or plants, often totems
associated with a tribe, group, or individual.
The Mexican tribes revered, a god of the Toltecs and Aztecs, and some tales of a high
god or culture were told elsewhere. However, there are no long, standardized religious
cycles about one supreme divinity. The closest equivalents to Old World spiritual narratives
are often accounts of shamans' initiations and voyages. These tricksters are treated with
varying degrees of respect. In one tale they may act like heroes, while in another they may
seem selfish or foolish.
Examples of almost every oral genre can be found in American Indian literature:
lyrics, chants, myths, fairy tales, humorous anecdotes, proverbs, epics, and legendary
histories. Accounts of migrations and ancestors abound, as do vision or healing songs and
tricksters' tales. Certain creation stories are particularly popular.
The songs or poetry, like the narratives, range from the sacred to the light and
humorous. There are lullabies, war chants, love songs, and special songs for children's
games, gambling various chores, magic, or dance ceremonials. Generally the songs are
repetitive. Short poem songs given in dreams sometimes have the clean imagery and mood
associated with Japanese haiku or Eastern- influenced imagistic poetry
Подалуйста,переведите
EARLY INDIAN LITERATURE
Indian literature begins with the orally transmitted myths, legends, tales, and lyrics
(always songs) of American Indian cultures. There was no written literature among the more
than 500 different Indian languages and tribal cultures that existed in North America before
the first Europeans arrived.
Tribes maintained their own religions — worshipping gods, animals, plants, or sacred
persons. These tribal variations enter into the oral literature as well.
Still, it is possible to make a few generalizations. Indian stories, for example, glow
with reverence for nature as a spiritual as well as physical mother. Nature is alive and
endowed with spiritual forces; main characters may be animals or plants, often totems
associated with a tribe, group, or individual.
The Mexican tribes revered, a god of the Toltecs and Aztecs, and some tales of a high
god or culture were told elsewhere. However, there are no long, standardized religious
cycles about one supreme divinity. The closest equivalents to Old World spiritual narratives
are often accounts of shamans' initiations and voyages. These tricksters are treated with
varying degrees of respect. In one tale they may act like heroes, while in another they may
seem selfish or foolish.
Examples of almost every oral genre can be found in American Indian literature:
lyrics, chants, myths, fairy tales, humorous anecdotes, proverbs, epics, and legendary
histories. Accounts of migrations and ancestors abound, as do vision or healing songs and
tricksters' tales. Certain creation stories are particularly popular.
The songs or poetry, like the narratives, range from the sacred to the light and
humorous. There are lullabies, war chants, love songs, and special songs for children's
games, gambling various chores, magic, or dance ceremonials. Generally the songs are
repetitive. Short poem songs given in dreams sometimes have the clean imagery and mood
associated with Japanese haiku or Eastern- influenced imagistic poetry
EARLY INDIAN LITERATURE
Indian literature begins with the orally transmitted myths, legends, tales, and lyrics
(always songs) of American Indian cultures. There was no written literature among the more
than 500 different Indian languages and tribal cultures that existed in North America before
the first Europeans arrived.
Tribes maintained their own religions — worshipping gods, animals, plants, or sacred
persons. These tribal variations enter into the oral literature as well.
Still, it is possible to make a few generalizations. Indian stories, for example, glow
with reverence for nature as a spiritual as well as physical mother. Nature is alive and
endowed with spiritual forces; main characters may be animals or plants, often totems
associated with a tribe, group, or individual.
The Mexican tribes revered, a god of the Toltecs and Aztecs, and some tales of a high
god or culture were told elsewhere. However, there are no long, standardized religious
cycles about one supreme divinity. The closest equivalents to Old World spiritual narratives
are often accounts of shamans' initiations and voyages. These tricksters are treated with
varying degrees of respect. In one tale they may act like heroes, while in another they may
seem selfish or foolish.
Examples of almost every oral genre can be found in American Indian literature:
lyrics, chants, myths, fairy tales, humorous anecdotes, proverbs, epics, and legendary
histories. Accounts of migrations and ancestors abound, as do vision or healing songs and
tricksters' tales. Certain creation stories are particularly popular.
The songs or poetry, like the narratives, range from the sacred to the light and
humorous. There are lullabies, war chants, love songs, and special songs for children's
games, gambling various chores, magic, or dance ceremonials. Generally the songs are
repetitive. Short poem songs given in dreams sometimes have the clean imagery and mood
associated with Japanese haiku or Eastern- influenced imagistic poetry
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РАННЯЯ ИНДИЙСКАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА
Индийская литература начинается с устно передаваемых мифов, легенд, сказок и лирики (которая всегда была в виде песен) культур американских индейцев. До прихода первых европейцев письменной литературы не существовало среди более чем 500 различных индейских языков и племенных культур, которые существовали в Северной Америке.
Племена сохраняли свои собственные религии - поклонение богам, животным, растениям или священным личностям. Эти различия племен входили также в устную литературу.
Тем не менее, можно сделать несколько общих выводов. Индейские истории, например, лучают почитанием природы как духовной, так и физической матери. Природа живая и обладает духовными силами; главные персонажи могут быть животными или растениями, часто тотемами, связанными с племенем, группой или отдельным индивидуумом.
Мексиканские племена почитали бога Тольтеков и Ацтеков, и некоторые предания о высоком боге или культуре рассказывались в других местах. Однако нет длинных, стандартизированных религиозных циклов о едином божестве. Ближайшие аналоги старых духовных повествований из Старого Света часто представляют собой рассказы о посвящениях и путешествиях шаманов. Данные обманщики обращаются с разной степенью уважения. В одном предании они могут действовать как герои, а в другом казаться эгоистичными или глупыми.
Примеры практически каждого устного жанра можно найти в индейской литературе: лирика, песнопения, мифы, сказки, юмористические анекдоты, пословицы, эпосы и легендарные истории. Имеется множество рассказов о миграциях и предках, а также песни видения или исцеления и истории о обманщиках. Особенно популярны некоторые истории о творении.
Песни или поэзия, как и повествования, варьируются от священных до легких и юмористических. Есть колыбельные, военные песнопения, песни о любви и специальные песни для детских игр, азартных игр, выполнения различных дел, волшебства или танцевальных церемоний. Обычно песни повторяются. Короткие поэтические песни, дан...